Lasers, tombs, and artifacts...kinda like Indiana Jones

I usually only talk about religious stuff on Monday, but I can across an article today and I had to write about it. It appears that even though the Catholic Church shies away from using technology in worship services and, well, most everything else, they have decided that technology is the only way to get an accurate look at the past. That’s right, archeologists (with the support of the Vatican) have uncovered frescoes in a catacomb under Rome that depict the Apostles (icons, anyone?). That’s right, the early Christians depicted not only Christ and Old Testament stories in artwork, but also the Apostles. I won’t get into the rich artistic history of Christianity and Catholicism when it comes to depicting religious figures other than Christ (or the fact that many Protestant religions now look on that practice as idol worship…seriously? Idol worship?). This article just struck me as amazing that a technique has been found to uncover lost art without fear of damaging the art itself. It can be used in the future not only for religious artwork, but for any kind of art that needs to be shown to the people.

Twenty-first century laser technology has opened a window into the early days of the Catholic Church, guiding researchers through the dank, musty catacombs beneath Rome to a startling find: the first known icons of the apostles Peter and Paul. Vatican officials unveiled the paintings Tuesday, discovered along with the earliest known images of the apostles John and Andrew in an underground burial chamber beneath an office building on a busy street in a working-class Rome neighborhood. The images, which date from the second half of the 4th century, were uncovered using a new laser technique that allows restorers to burn off centuries of thick white calcium carbonate deposits without damaging the brilliant dark colors of the paintings underneath.

The technique could revolutionize the way restoration work is carried out in the miles of catacombs that burrow under the Eternal City where early Christians buried their dead. The icons were discovered on the ceiling of a tomb of an aristocratic Roman woman at the Santa Tecla catacomb, near where the remains of the apostle Paul are said to be buried. Rome has dozens of such burial chambers and they are a major tourist attraction, giving visitors a peek into the traditions of the early church when Christians were often persecuted for their beliefs. Early Christians dug the catacombs outside Rome's walls as underground cemeteries; since burial was forbidden inside the city walls and pagan Romans were usually cremated. The art that decorated Rome's catacombs was often simplistic and symbolic in nature. The Santa Tecla catacombs, however, represent some of the earliest evidence of devotion to the apostles in early Christianity, Vatican officials said.

Last June, the Vatican announced the discovery of the icon of Paul at Santa Tecla, timing the news to coincide with the end of the Vatican's year of St. Paul. On Tuesday, Vatican archaeologists announced the image of Paul was not found in isolation, but was part of a square ceiling painting that also included icons of three other apostles, Peter, John and Andrew, surrounding an image of Christ as the Good Shepherd. The catacombs’ walls and ceilings are covered with paintings of scenes from the Old Testament, including Daniel in the lion's den and Abraham and the sacrifice of Isaac. But the gem is on the ceiling, where the four apostles are painted inside gold-rimmed circles against a red-ochre backdrop. The ceiling is also decorated with geometric designs.

There were earlier known images of Peter and Paul, but these were depicted in narratives. The images in the catacomb, with their faces in isolation, encircled with gold and affixed to the four corners of the ceiling painting, are devotional in nature and as such represent the first known icons. In addition, the images of Andrew and John show much younger faces than are normally depicted in the Byzantine-inspired imagery most often associated with the apostles.

The Vatican's Sacred Archaeology office oversaw the two-year $73,650 project, which for the first time used lasers to restore frescoes in catacombs, where the damp air makes the procedure particularly difficult. In this case, the small burial chamber at the end of the catacomb was encased in up to two inches of calcium carbonate. Restoration using previous techniques would have meant scraping away the buildup by hand, leaving a filmy layer on top so as not to damage the painting underneath. Using the laser technique, restorers were able to sear off all the deposits by setting the laser to burn only on the white of the calcium carbonate; the laser's heat stopped when it reached a different color. Researchers then easily chipped off the seared material, revealing the brilliant ochre, black, green and yellow underneath. Similar technology has been used on statues, particularly metallic ones damaged by years of outdoor pollution, she said. However, the Santa Tecla restoration marked the first time lasers had been adapted for use in the dank interiors of catacombs.

Most catacombs in Rome are open to the public, but the Santa Tecla catacomb will only be open on a permission basis to protect the artwork until it can be studied further. I have to say, whatever tour group is going to get a chance to see this place I want to be on it. Seeing Italy and Rome in particular, is on the list of things I want to get done before I die. Not just for all the religious sites and architecture, but also because I hear Italian women are hot (and they like the suave American who can offer them a new life and a green card). So, that’s it…pretty cool stuff isn’t it?